Automata theory: formal languages and formal grammars

Chomsky hierarchy Grammars Languages Abstract machines
Type-0 Unrestricted Recursively enumerable Turing machine
— (no common name) Decidable Decider
Type-1 Context-sensitive Context-sensitive Linear-bounded
— Positive range concatenation Positive range concatenation* PTIME Turing Machine
— Indexed Indexed* Nested stack
— — — Thread automaton
— Linear context-free rewriting systems Linear context-free rewriting language restricted Tree stack automaton
— Tree-adjoining Tree-adjoining Embedded pushdown
Type-2 Context-free Context-free Nondeterministic pushdown
— Deterministic context-free Deterministic context-free Deterministic pushdown
— Visibly pushdown Visibly pushdown Visibly pushdown
Type-3 Regular Regular Finite
— — Star-free Counter-free (with aperiodic finite monoid)
— Non-recursive Finite Acyclic finite